Evolution of Embedded Computing: A Technological Journey from General Purpose Processors (GPP) to System on Chip (SoC)

The evolution of embedded computing reflects the technological advancements that have transitioned from General Purpose Processors (GPPs) to highly integrated System on Chip (SoC) architectures. This paper investigates the transformation through intermediary technologies, including Microcontroller Units (MCUs) and Circuit on Board (COB), highlighting how each innovation addressed the limitations of its predecessors. The study outlines the fundamental architecture, functionalities, advantages, and real-world applications of each stage, emphasizing their role in the development of modern embedded systems. Through a comparative lens, this research provides insight into how integration, miniaturization, power efficiency, and performance optimization have shaped current and future computing solutions.