Bioinspired Dentin Biomodification: Current Evidence and Emerging Approaches

Dentin biomodification has emerged as a promising strategy to enhance the longevity and performance of adhesive restorations by stabilizing the collagen matrix and inhibiting enzymatic degradation. This literature review explores various physical, chemical, and biological approaches used to reinforce dentin structure and protect the hybrid layer from breakdown. The process of dentin biomodification primarily involves the use of cross-linking agents and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitors to improve mechanical properties and reduce biodegradation of the exposed collagen network. Synthetic agents such as glutaraldehyde, chlorhexidine, and quaternary ammonium compounds demonstrate effective collagen stabilization but vary in biocompatibility. Natural agents, including proanthocyanidins, genipin, baicalein, and EGCG, offer safer alternatives with antioxidative and antimicrobial benefits. Recent advances in laser technologies, ultrasound, and nanohydroxyapatite have further expanded the scope of dentin biomodification by enhancing remineralization and promoting deeper interaction with the collagen matrix. These approaches collectively aim to improve the integrity of the resin–dentin interface and prolong the clinical lifespan of restorative treatments. While many agents show significant promise, further research is necessary to develop optimized bonding systems that integrate long-lasting biomodification and MMP-inhibitory functions in a clinically feasible manner. This review highlights the multifaceted potential of dentin biomodification in advancing restorative dentistry.