Relationship between the Behaviour and Physical Condition of the House and the Occurrence of Pulmonary Tuberculosis (TB) in the Village of Maluro, Administrative Post of Viqueque Villa, Municipality of Viqueque, 2024

Introduction Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) continues to pose a considerable public health challenge, particularly in resource-limited regions where healthcare access is often restricted. The transmission of this infectious disease is heavily influenced by a combination of environmental and behavioural factors, which are particularly pronounced among families residing in substandard housing conditions. Crowded living spaces, poor ventilation, and a lack of sanitation create a breeding ground for the spread of TB, exacerbating the vulnerability of these communities.  Objective This study investigates the relationship between household behaviours, physical housing conditions, and the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis in the Village of Maluro, Viqueque Municipality, Timor-Leste.  Methods A quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted on 53 households in the Village of Maluro. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and direct interviews, focusing on demographic characteristics, housing conditions, and health behaviours. Statistical analyses, including univariate and bivariate approaches, were performed to evaluate the relationships between variables.  Results & Discussion The findings revealed that 54.7% of respondents reported having pulmonary tuberculosis. Poor housing conditions, characterised by inadequate ventilation, overcrowding, and elevated humidity levels, were significantly associated with higher TB incidence (p = 0.003). Behavioral factors such as indiscriminate spitting and high rates of smoking and alcohol consumption exacerbated health risks. The chi-square analysis indicated that individuals with poor housing conditions were at a 0.60 times increased risk of contracting TB compared to those in better conditions. These results emphasise the critical need to address environmental determinants of TB control strategies. The results also support Gordon's theory, emphasising the role of environmental factors in TB transmission. Addressing inadequate housing infrastructure appears crucial for reducing TB incidence. Moreover, the reported low healthcare access highlights a pressing need for targeted interventions and improved healthcare strategies in the Village of Maluro, Viqueque Municipality.  Conclusion The study underscores the urgent need for integrated public health interventions that improve housing conditions and promote healthier behaviours to combat the high incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis in the Village of Maluro, Viqueque Municipality. Strengthening healthcare access and implementing educational campaigns focused on hygiene and lifestyle modification are essential to reducing TB prevalence and enhancing community health outcomes. Integrated public health 1 Faculdade Saúde Pública e Ciências Médicas, Universidade da Paz, Díli, Timor-Leste strategies are essential for addressing both the medical and social factors contributing to TB's prevalence, particularly in vulnerable populations. Enhanced collaboration between health sectors and community initiatives is recommended to implement effective and sustainable solutions