Assessing the Sources and Risks of Heavy Metals in Agricultural Soils: A Comprehensive Review

Heavy metals in agricultural soils pose a significant environmental and health risk, impacting both soil quality and food safety. These contaminants primarily originate from anthropogenic sources, such as industrial activities, improper waste disposal, and the excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers. Natural sources, including mineral weathering, also contribute to the accumulation of heavy metals in soil. Influencing factors, such as soil pH, organic matter content, and climate conditions, can affect the mobility and bioavailability of these metals, exacerbating the risks. The primary heavy metals of concern include lead (Pb), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and chromium (Cr) (di pa sure to mga heavy metals), which can accumulate in the food chain through crop uptake. Understanding the sources, distribution, and influencing factors of heavy metals is crucial for mitigating risks associated with their presence in agricultural soils. Effective management strategies, including soil remediation, controlled use of fertilizers, and monitoring programs, are essential for reducing the exposure of both humans and ecosystems to these toxic metals.