A Systematic Review: Assessing Organ System-Specific Health Risks of Volcanic Eruptions Across Asia with their Corresponding Volcanic Hazard

Volcanic eruptions are complex natural phenomena that not only cause significant environmental and infrastructural damage but also present a myriad of public health challenges. This systematic review assesses the organ system-specific health risks associated with volcanic eruptions across Asia by synthesizing findings from studies published between 2015 and 2025. The review follows PRISMA guidelines to methodically evaluate the impact of volcanic hazards— such as ash, sulfur dioxide, and toxic metal particulates—on diverse organ systems including the respiratory, integumentary, ocular, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and reproductive systems. Data were extracted from studies investigating several prominent volcanoes in the region, including Sakurajima, Mt. Miyakejima, and Mt. Asama in Japan; Mt. Agung, Mt. Sinabung, Mt. Merapi, and Mt. Marapi in Indonesia; Taal and Mt. Mayon in the Philippines; and Mt. Shiveluch in Russia. Despite variations in the Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI), even eruptions with relatively low explosivity have been linked to adverse health outcomes. Chronic exposure to fine volcanic ash and associated pollutants has been shown to exacerbate respiratory conditions such as asthma, bronchitis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, while acute exposures during high-energy eruptions can result in thermal injuries, chemical burns, and inhalation trauma. Moreover, the toxic components of volcanic emissions have been implicated in systemic effects, including cardiovascular stress, gastrointestinal disturbances, and potential genetic damage, particularly in vulnerable populations with limited access to medical resources. The review emphasizes that the severity of health impacts is determined by a complex interplay between eruption dynamics, chemical composition of the emissions, and local environmental and socioeconomic factors. Ultimately, the findings underscore the need for comprehensive, volcano-specific risk assessments and the development of tailored emergency response strategies that integrate both short-term interventions and long-term public health planning. Such measures are essential to mitigate health risks, enhance community resilience, and guide policy decisions in regions frequently affected by volcanic activity.