Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics and its Role in Biochemical Systems: A Review

Physical systems that are not in thermodynamic equilibrium but can be sufficiently described by variables that are an extension of the various elements required to explain the system in thermodynamic equilibrium are the subject of thermodynamics. Living systems, it is an open system that are governed by the rules of nonequilibrium thermodynamics. As a result, understanding biological systems from a non-equilibrium thermodynamic perspective is beneficial. We will quickly review the history and current state of nonequilibrium thermodynamics, particularly in biological systems, in this article. We begin by discussing how people first discovered the value of studying biological systems from a thermodynamic standpoint. The evolution of stochastic thermodynamics is then discussed, with a focus on three key concepts: Jarzynski equality, the Crooks fluctuation theorem, and the thermodynamic uncertain relation. We also provide an overview of the current theoretical model for stochastic thermodynamics in biological reaction networks, with a focus on thermodynamic principles and apparatus at nonequilibrium stable state. Finally, two applications and potential avenues for thermodynamic research in biological systems are examined.