Plant-Based Therapeutics Agents for Glycemic Control: A Comprehensive Review of Stevia, Monk Fruit, Licorice Root, Mulberry Leaf and Fenugreek

Diabetes mellitus (DM) remains one of the most prevalent metabolic disorders worldwide, imposing significant health and economic burdens. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), characterized by insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion, requires long-term management strategies to control hyperglycemia and prevent complications. Conventional pharmacotherapies, while effective, are associated with adverse effects and limitations that have spurred interest in natural alternatives. Plant-derived bioactive compounds offer promising adjunct or alternative therapeutic options due to their multifaceted mechanisms and generally favorable safety profiles. This comprehensive review focuses on five botanicals— Stevia rebaudiana (stevia), Siraitia grosvenorii (monk fruit), Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice root), Morus alba (mulberry leaf), and Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek)—all widely studied for their antidiabetic properties. We explore their phytochemical constituents, molecular mechanisms of action, preclinical and clinical evidence, and potential integration into diabetes management. Emphasis is placed on their effects on insulin secretion and sensitivity, modulation of glucose metabolism enzymes, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, and impacts on carbohydrate digestion and absorption. This review aims to provide an in-depth synthesis of current knowledge to inform future research and clinical applications of these natural agents in glycemic control.