White Spot Lesions in Orthodontics: A Contemporary Review on Detection and Remineralization Strategies

White spot lesions (WSLs) represent subsurface demineralization of enamel which possess a significant challenge in orthodontics due to their prevalence and potential to progress. The recent studies from past decade were searched in electronic databases including Pubmed, Scopus and google scholar involving white spot lesions and effect of orthodontic treatment. The review evaluates the current state of knowledge regarding the etiology, diagnosis, and management of WSLs, with a specific focus on remineralizing agents. Diagnostic modalities are discussed in the context of their utility for early detection and monitoring of WSLs. Remineralization therapies utilizing fluoride, calcium phosphate- based compounds like anticay, casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) complexes, and bioactive glasses, are reviewed for their efficacy in promoting remineralization and inhibiting demineralization. Furthermore, clinical studies evaluating the effectiveness of remineralization therapies are critically analyzed, with an emphasis on their outcomes in terms of lesion remineralization, surface hardness, and long-term stability of remineralized tissues. Additionally, novel approaches, including nanotechnology-based delivery systems and biomimetic strategies, are highlighted as avenues for future research and development.